Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, one of the biggest achievements of public health programs around the world has been the decline in tobacco use. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of economic, social and demographic factors affecting smoking in Iran.
Methods: The current research was applied-descriptive. This study was conducted for 114826 Iranian households from 2007 to 2015, and the statistical information required by Stata13 software was extracted from raw data of household expenses and income in the Iranian Statistics Center. In this study, the double hurdle approach was used to distinguish between unwillingness to consume and the corner solution, and the coefficients were computed with Stata13 software.
Results: The marginal effects obtained for the dual hurdle model were: income (1.8), price (2.6), employment status (1.7), age (-0.5), house ownership status (-2.9), marital status (6.08), educational status (-1.4), presence of children under the age of 14 in the household (1.9), and gender (12.6). The marginal effects of the participation equation for consumption were: employment status (0.28), age (-0.1), house ownership status (0.15), marital status (-0.16), educational status (0.07), presence of children under the age of 14 (0.07), and gender (1.8).All coefficients were significant at the 5% level.
Conclusion: The results showed that considering the marginal effects calculated for consumption equation, the effect of demographic factors on smoking was more than economic factors. Therefore, policymakers' attention to employment, marriage and housing of community members can be turned to reducing tobacco use and improving the general health.
Keywords
- Haenle MM, Brockmann OS, Kron M, Bertling U, Mason AR, Steinbach.Overweight, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption in a cross sectional random sample of German adults. BMC Public Health 2013; 91(1): 233.
- Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, Robinson M, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Thomson B, Wollum A, Sanman E, Wulf S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. Jama. 2014 Jan 8; 311(2):183-92.
- Castiglione C, Infante D. Rational addiction and cultural goods: the case of the Italian theatregoer. Journal of Cultural Economics. 2016; 40(2):163-90.
- Gordon BR, Sun B. A dynamic model of rational addiction: Evaluating cigarette taxes. Marketing Science. 2015; 34(3):452-70.
- Martinez E, Mejia R, Pérez-Stable EJ. An empirical analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina. Tobacco control. 2015; 24(1):89-93.
- Bask M, Melkersson M. Rationally addicted to drinking and smoking. Applied Economics 2004; 36(1): 373 – 381.
- Jones AM. A double-hurdle model of cigarette consumption. Journal of Applied Econometrics 1989; 41(7): 23-39.
- Jones AM. A note on computation of the double-hurdle model with dependence with an application to tobacco expenditure. Bulletin of Economic Research 1992; 44(9): 67-74.
- Blaylock JR, Blisard WN. U.S. Cigarette consumption: The Case of Low- Income Women. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 1992; 7(4): 698-705.
- Yen, S.T. A Multivariate Sample-Selection Model: Estimating Cigarette and Alcohol Demands with Zero Observations, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2005: 87, 453-466.
- Aristei D, Perali F, Pieroni L. Cohort Analysis of Alcohol Consumption: A Double-Hurdle Approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 2015: 91: 450-481.
- Atkinson, A.B., J. Gomulka, and N.H. Stern. Household expenditure on tobacco 2000-2015: evidence from the Family Expenditure Survey. London School of Economics 2016: 51: 102-121.
- Yen, S.T. Working wives and food away from home: The Box-Cox double hurdle model, American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2014; 75: 884-895.
- Yen S T. Zero observations and gender differences in cigarette consumption, Applied Economics. 2015: 37: 1839–1849
- Newman C, Henchion M, Matthews A. A double-hurdle model of Irish household expenditure on prepared meals, Applied Economics. 2016: 35: 1053-1061.
- Su S-J B. and S.T. Yen. A censored system of cigarette and alcohol consumption, Applied Economics 2016: 32: 729-737.
- Casetta B, Videla AJ, Bardach A, Morello P, Soto N, Lee K, Camacho PA, Hermoza Moquillaza RV, Ciapponi A. Association between cigarette smoking prevalence and income level: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2016; 19(12):1401-7.
- Lim GC, Zeng Q. Consumption, income, and wealth: Evidence from age, cohort, and period elasticities. Review of Income and Wealth. 2016; 62(3):489-508.
- Basaza R, Otieno E, Musinguzi A, Mugyenyi P, Haddock CK. Factors influencing cigarette smoking among soldiers and costs of soldier smoking in the work place at Kakiri Barracks, Uganda. Tobacco control. 2017; 26(3):330-3.
- Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson N, Alonso J, Girolamo G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine 2011; 90(9): 1-16.
- Bailey JA, Epstein M, Steeger CM, Hill KG. Concurrent and prospective associations between substance-specific parenting practices and child cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2018; 62(6):681-7.
)