Sadra Medical Journal

Investigating the Theory of Correspondence between Pedanius Dioscorides and Luqman al-Hakim in Persian Medicine: An Evaluation of Verification Criteria

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Nafise Shaabani 1, 2
Farzaneh Zare 3
Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi 4

1 Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine,

2 Scientific Student Association of History of Medicine, Pharmacy and Veterinary, Students’ Scientific Research Center. Tehran University Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

3 Work done at History of Medicine, Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran

4 Molecular Dermatology Research Center؛ Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran؛ Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.30476/smsj.2025.104671.1579
Abstract
Some traditional medicine texts claim a connection between Pedanius Dioscorides and Luqman al-Hakim. The present study examined the feasibility of accepting this connection and the criteria for confirming or rejecting their correspondence using a documentary method. To this end, in addition to an analytical and historical assessment of the personalities of Luqman al-Hakim and Pedanius Dioscorides, their identities were traced and documented in key traditional Iranian medical texts, including Tohfat ol-Momenin, Gharabadin-e-Salehi, and Makhzan al-Adviyeh. The collected data were then examined, compared, and analyzed. Based on the findings, several historical and medical sources mentioned individuals named Dioscorides and Luqman, four of whom were prominent. The conflation of some reports about these four figures has led to confusion in their identification. The results indicated that the two figures, Dioscorides and Luqman al-Hakim, did not align chronologically. Tracing these individuals in the relevant sources revealed inconsistencies, particularly regarding their personal identities, such as their life span, place of birth or residence, or even their nationality, which casted doubt on the accuracy of the connection between them. Ultimately, it can be concluded that we are likely dealing with another individual who entered the Islamic era under the names Luqman and Dioscorides. Examining the personal identities mentioned in Persian medicine texts can thus enhance our understanding of historical medical records and their interpretation.

Keywords

Persian Medicine
Pharmacology
History of Medicine
Pedanius Dioscorides
Luqman al-Hakim
Biography
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Sadra Medical Journal
Volume 13, Issue 2
Spring 2025
Pages 409-420

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