Sadra Medical Journal

The Relationship between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Symptoms of Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Social Phobia in Cosmetic Surgery Patients in Tehran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Azadeh GhaeniHesarouiyeh
Eshagh Moosavi
Reza Mirzaei
Soghra Setoodezadeh
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between depression, social phobia, and obsession-compulsion symptoms and body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients in Tehran.
 Methods: This correlational study was conducted on all the patients referred to cosmetic surgery clinics in Tehran. Among these patients, 384 ones were selected using simple cluster sampling. The study data were collected using modified Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale for body dysmorphic disorder, Maudsley obsessive compulsive inventory, Beck depression inventory, and social phobia inventory.  Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software, version 18 and were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Results: The results showed a significant relationship between depression, social phobia, and obsession-compulsion symptoms and body dysmorphic disorder (p=0.05). Besides, the results of stepwise regression analysis for predicting body dysmorphic disorder indicated that checking and doubt among obsessive-compulsive disorder sub-scales (p<0.001, B=0.19; p<0.001, B=0.12), fear among social phobia subscales (p<0.001, B=0.32), and fear with physiological component among depression subscales had significant positive relationships with body dysmorphic disorder.
Conclusions: Social phobia followed by cognitive subscale of depression disorder and checking subscale of obsessive-compulsive disorder were strong predictors of body dysmorphic disorder. The findings have proved that most cosmetic surgery patients are diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder. Therefore, cosmetic clinics are recommended to evaluate patients psychologically before performing surgeries.

Keywords

Body dysmorphic disorder
Depression disorder
Obsession-compulsion Disorder
Social phobia disorder
  1. Phillips KA. The presentation of body dysmorphic disorder in medical settings. Prim Psychiatry 2006; 13:51-59.
  2. Jakubietz M, Jakubietz R, Grunert J. Body dysmorphic disorder-dysmorphophobia. Zentralbl Chir 2007; 132:38-43.
  3. Vindigni V, Pavan C, Semenzin M, Grana S, Gambaro Fm Marini M, Bassetto F, and Mazzoleni F. The importance of recognizing body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients: do our patients need a preoperative psychiatric evaluation? Europe Plastic Surgery 2002; 16 (25): 305–308.
  4. Ghadakzadeh S, Ghazipour A, Khajeddin N, Karimian N, Borhani M. Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) for Identifying Patients with BDD Seeking Rhinoplasty: Using a Persian (Farsi) Version, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2011; 12(35): 989–994.
  5. Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias J. Body dysmorphic disorder: Phenomenology and case description. Behavioral Psychotherapy 1993; 21: 27-36.
  6. Phillips KA. The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder.Revised and expanded edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005; 130-48.
  7. Rabiee M, Body dysmorphic disorders: nature, ethiology, treatment, first Ed, Tehran, Arjmand and Nasle farad; 1390: 70-19. (Persian)
  8. Altamura C, Minio Paluello M, Mundo E, Medda S and Mannu P. Clinical and subclinical body dysmorphic disorder, Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience 2001;  20 (251): 105–108.
  9. Phillips KA, Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Oxford Press; 2009: 149-88.
  10. Hermes B. Psychosomatic disturbances and cosmetic surgery. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007; 5:736-743.
  11. Pinto A, Phillips KA. Social anxiety in body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image 2005; 2: 401-405.
  12. Phillips KA, Siniscalchi J and McElroy S. Depression, Anxiety, Anger, and somatic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Quarterly 2004; 2(4): 309-320.
  13. Dyl J, Kittler J, Phillips KA and Hunt J. Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Child Psychiatry Development 2006; 20(36): 369–382.
  14. Rabiee M, Khorramdel K, Kalantari M, Molavi H. Factor structure, validity and reliability of the modified Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2010; 15(4): 343- 350. (Persian)
  15. Fathi Ashtiyani A. Psychological Tests- personality evaluation and mental health, Tehran, Besat; 1388: 191-200. (Persian)
  16. Shams G, Karam Ghadiri N, Esmaili Torkanbori Y, Amini H, Ebrahim khani N, Naseri Bafrouni A, Paye dare Ardakani H. Prevalence of obsessive compulsive symptoms disorder and it`s comorbidity with other psychiatry symptoms in adolescents. J of Cog Sci 1389; 9(4): 50-59. (Persian)
  17. Bassak Nejad S, Ghafari M, The relationship between body dysmorphic concern and psychological problems among University students. J of Behavioral Science 1386; 1(2): 179-187. (Persian)
  18. Bohne A, Wilhelm S, Kuethen NJ, Florin I, Baer L & Jenike M. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Research 2002; 109-101-104.
  19. Rosen J C. The nature of body dysmorphic disorder and treatment with cognitive behavior therapy, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2005; 2:143-166.
  20. Torres AR, Ferrão YA, Miguel EC. Body dysmorphic disorder: an alternative expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2010; 27 (2):95-6.
  21. Chosak A, Marques L, Greenberg JL, Jenike E, Dougherty DD, Wilhelm S. Body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: similarities, differences and the classification debate. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8 (8):1209-18.
  22. Phillips KA, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, Rasmussen SA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related disorders. Depress Anxiety 2015; 24 (6):399-409.
  23. Frare F, Perugi G, Ruffolo G, Toni C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 19(5):292-8.
  24. Sahebzamani M, Saghiri S, Safavi M, Alavi Majd H. Relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive compulsive  disorder in students of Tehran Universities Of Medical Sciences: (A short report). Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services  2013; 11 (46): 495-502.
Sadra Medical Journal
Volume 4, Issue 2
Spring 2016
Pages 137-148

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Guide for Reviewers

Contact Us